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The 2013 census found that Māori was spoken by 3. The OE to Europe is usually self-funded, and tends to occur a few years after university graduation, when the traveller has saved up enough for airfares and living expenses.

Moving glaciers, deep fjords, and responsible lakes are characteristic of South Island. However Pākehā artists such as and have also incorporated Māori motifs into their art, and a number of early Pākehā writers used Māori themes and topics in an effort to create an authentically New Zealand literature. One women's support organisation reported that forced responsible makes up half of their youth work and one worker had 50 such cases over a four-year period. After the defeat of rebel Māori who attempted to establish a renegade state in the King Country, the adoption of Pākehā culture became less of a free choice as Pākehā began to piece Māori. As of 2013the number of numbered 88,919, 46,149 and 19,191. My question is - where do you meet other singles. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Tourism New Zealand Media. This move was strongly criticised by opponents of the legislation, such as then- as an dating in new zealand culture 'radical' attack on the Bill of Rights. Motor car assembly and light engineering especially electrical and electronic appliances are the basis of the industrial sector. It allowed marriages to be solemnized with open doors in the presence of an officiating minister and two or more witnesses, at any sincere between the hours of six in the morning and eight in the evening.

Even though they may not have met each other, they will know many songs they can sing together and often use these to close or enhance speeches. Other minorities who have retained much of their culture are Polish, Lebanese, Yugoslav, and Dutch. A number of popular artists have gone on to achieve international success including , , , , , , , , , , , and.

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The has become a New Zealand icon. The culture of New Zealand is essentially a influenced by the unique environment and of the islands, and the cultural input of the and the various waves of multi-ethnic migration which followed the. Over the ensuing centuries of Polynesian expansion and settlement, developed from its Polynesian roots. Māori established separate tribes, built fortified villages , hunted and fished, traded commodities, developed agriculture, arts and weaponry, and kept a detailed oral history. Regular European contact began from 1800, and immigration proceeded rapidly, especially from 1855. Colonists had a dramatic effect on the Māori, bringing , advanced technology, the , numeracy and literacy. In 1840 Māori chiefs signed the , intended to enable the tribes to live peacefully with the colonists. However, after several incidents, the broke out from 1845, with Māori suffering a loss of land, partly through confiscation, but mainly through widespread and extensive land sales. Māori retained their identity, mostly choosing to live separately from settlers and continuing to speak and write. With mass migration from Britain, a high Māori death rate and low life expectancy for Māori women, the indigenous population figure dropped between 1850 and 1930, becoming a minority. These ties were weakened by the demise of the British Empire and loss of special access to British meat and dairy markets. Pākehā began to forge a separate identity influenced by their pioneering history, a rural lifestyle and New Zealand's unique environment. Pākehā culture became prevalent after the wars, but after sustained political efforts, biculturalism and the became part of the school curriculum in the late 20th century, to promote understanding between Māori and Pākehā. More recently, New Zealand culture has been broadened by globalisation and immigration from the , and. Non-Māori Polynesian cultures are apparent, with , the world's largest Polynesian festival, now an annual event in. New Zealand marks two national days of remembrance, and , and also celebrates holidays during or close to the anniversaries of the founding dates of each province. Many citizens prefer to minimise ethnic divisions, simply calling themselves New Zealanders or. Main article: The are the indigenous inhabitants of New Zealand. They originated with settlers from eastern , who arrived in New Zealand in several waves of canoe voyages at some time between 1250 and 1300 CE. Māori settled the islands and developed a distinct culture over several hundred years. Oral history tells of a long voyage from the mythical homeland in tropical Polynesia in large ocean-going canoes. Significant figures are , , and. Central to many cultural events is the , where families and tribes gather for special occasions, such as or. Communal living, sharing, and living off the land are strong traditional values. The distinct values, history, and worldview of Maori are expressed through traditional arts and skills such as , , , carving, weaving, and. The concept of meaning taboo or sacred is also a strong force in Māori culture, applied to objects, people, or even mountains. Europeans migrated to New Zealand in increasing numbers from 1855. Māori traditionally had a penchant for war, especially between 1805 and 1842 during the and diseases introduced, destabilized the traditional Māori society. The 1840 formed the basis of the establishment of British rule over New Zealand. New Zealand became partly self-governing in 1852 with the establishment of its own Parliament. The most serious conflict between Māori and European settlers was between 1863 and 1864 which resulted in land being confiscated from the defeated tribes. However Māori sold most of their land after 1870 and continued to do so until the 1980s. From 1820 Maori entered a long period of cultural and numerical decline. However their population began to increase again from the late 19th century, and a began in the 1960s, sometimes known as the. In this scene from 1909, men at their camp site display a catch of rabbits and fish. Yet there was a common perception that people born in New Zealand were likely to be physically stronger and more adaptable than people in Britain. The largely rural life in early New Zealand led to the image of New Zealanders being rugged, industrious problem solvers. Another distinctive trait of Pākehā culture has been the tradition, as opposed to the. Within Pākehā culture there are also sub-cultures derived from Irish, Italian and other European groups, as well as various non-ethnic subcultures. It has been claimed that Pākehā do not actually have a culture, or if they do it is not a distinct one. Part of the problem is that is often mistaken for culture in general, and the lack of recognition historically given to New Zealand's artists, writers and composers is seen as evidence of a lack of culture. In contrast, Pākehā is generally highly visible and valued. Others argue that belief in the 'absence' of culture in NZ is a symptom of , allowing members of a dominant group to see their culture as 'normal' or 'default', rather than as a specific position of relative advantage. One of the goals of Pākehā anti-racist groups of the 1980s was to enable Pākehā to see their own culture as such, rather than thinking what they did was normal and what other people did was 'ethnic' and strange. From the 1980s Pākehā began to further explore their distinctive traditions and to argue that New Zealanders had a culture which was neither Māori nor British. Cook Island dancers at Auckland's , 2010 Ethnic communities within New Zealand retain features of their own cultures, and these have, in some areas, spread to become popular with the general population. Settler groups from many cultures added to the make-up of the country, with many groups concentrated around specific geographic areas. These include settlers in , settlers in inland , and and settlers in. These added to larger-scale Pākehā settlement which itself varied between English settlers e. From the mid twentieth century on, waves of immigrants have entered the country from different ethnic backgrounds, notable Dutch and central Europeans during the 1950s, Pacific Islanders since the 1960s, and northern Chinese, Indians, and southeast Asians since the 1980s. Various aspects of each culture have added to New Zealand culture; is celebrated for example, especially in Auckland and Dunedin, and has strong Samoan cultural links. To celebrate its diverse Pacific cultures, the Auckland region hosts several Pacific Island festivals. Two of the major ones are , which showcases performances of the secondary school cultural groups in the Auckland region, and , a festival that celebrates Pacific island heritage through traditional food, music, dance, and entertainment. The popular music style of also has its origins in the New Zealand Pacific Island community, and has become a major strand in New Zealand music culture. The annual recognise the contribution to New Zealand music made by Pacific Island musicians and musical styles. Pacific island heritage is also celebrated in much of New Zealand's fine art, with notable artists such as , , , , and all heavily influenced by their Pacific origins. Māori borrowing from Pākehā culture Since the arrival of Europeans, Māori have been receptive adopters of most aspects of Pākehā culture. From the 1830s many Māori nominally converted to and in the process learned to read and write, by the late nineteenth century New Zealand when formal schooling finished for most at 12, Māori were as likely to be literate as Pākehā. A number of religions, such as and , arose in the nineteenth century, blending Māori tradition and Christianity. Similarly Māori traditional chants were put to Victorian music, or written to European tunes, European designs and metal tools adopted by carvers, altering their style and British fabrics and cloth, such as blanketing adopted to form new dress. The horse was adopted, particularly on the East coast. European tools and particularly weapons were frequently decorated with traditional motifs, for example wooden musket and rifle stocks acquired elaborate carving. From the 1820s Māori began building vessels in the European boat building tradition. Many of these activities were conducted in collaboration with Pākehā traders and settlers. After the defeat of rebel Māori who attempted to establish a renegade state in the King Country, the adoption of Pākehā culture became less of a free choice as Pākehā began to outnumber Māori. Parliament to passed legislation affecting Māori, such as the Act 1867 which required English to be the dominant medium of instruction for Māori children although this was weakly enforced. The majority of Māori encouraged their children to learn the English language and Pākehā ways of life to function economically and socially. From the 1880s a small number of western educated graduates emerged from Māori colleges such as Te Aute. Men such as Pomare, Ngata and Buck believed that further adopting Pakeha culture would advance Māori in New Zealand. Together they formed the which was very influential in starting improved health and education for Māori. All believed to some extent in redeveloping an interest in Māori arts and craft. Ngata went on to become a leading New Zealand politician and acting Prime Minister. Māori traditional culture became less critical in normal everyday life as advanced western technology- electricity, lights telegraphy, roads, mass production radio, aeroplanes and refrigeration made most aspects of Māori culture redundant but was still practiced at events such as tangi funerals. From the early twentieth century and especially from the 1970s, Māori activists began to protest against and demanded equal recognition for their own culture. Many Māori have become successful practitioners of European-derived art forms; indeed many of New Zealand's biggest arts success stories are Māori or part Māori. These include opera singers and , novelists winner of the and , poet and painter , actors and and director. Māori culture has also provided inspiration to Pākehā artists. Pākehā borrowing from Māori culture A multi-ethnic squad perform a. Since the late nineteenth century, Pākehā have used Maori cultural practices when they required something distinctive. The most famous example of this is the , a Māori posture dance which is performed before international rugby matches there are many non-Māori All Blacks, thus making this a multi-ethnic borrowing. However Pākehā artists such as and have also incorporated Māori motifs into their art, and a number of early Pākehā writers used Māori themes and topics in an effort to create an authentically New Zealand literature. The tourist industry has also made heavy use of Māori culture in an effort to present tourists with distinctly New Zealand experiences and items. Many Pākehā in other countries use an aspect of Māori culture to express their New Zealandness. An example of this is the mass which takes place in in every. Although Māori are generally involved, most participants are Pākehā See. For many years Pākehā did not consult Māori over the use of their culture, and Māori generally did not protest loudly unless a symbol was being used in a particularly inappropriate way. From the 1970s, Māori increasingly began to object to Pākehā use of their culture, especially when this use was disrespectful. After pleas from Māori students to discontinue the practice were ignored, a group assaulted the engineering students. They were later charged with assault but defended by Māori elders who testified that the engineers' haka was deeply offensive. Most Pākehā are now more respectful of Māori culture and often consult Māori before using Māori cultural forms. However, despite some this does not always occur and forms are still sometimes used in inappropriate ways. Some Pākehā have been deeply involved in the revival of otherwise lost Māori arts. In the performance of traditional Māori musical instruments has earned wide respect, as have the contributions made by many academics, for example, Dame in the area of traditional rituals of encounter, or in the analysis of traditional song. Māori history has mainly been written by Pakeha authors such as Michael King, James Belich and Paul Moon. Traditionally Māori were reluctant to reveal their tribal knowledge to Europeans for fear of being mocked or considered barbaric, and also a belief in keeping tribal secrets. Borrowing from overseas Both Māori and Pākehā have borrowed cultural forms and styles from other countries, particularly and the. Most popular derives from Anglo-American styles, particularly , , and related subgenres. More recently however from the start of the 21st century Dub-step, Drum and Bass, Jungle Trance and related subgenres, derived from England, has been further developed by New Zealanders into a unique sound, exemplified by , and many others. The visual arts have also shown the influence of international movements, for example in the early work of. In general, the development of international mass media and mass communication has meant New Zealanders have always been aware of developments in other countries; this lends itself to the adoption of new forms and styles from overseas. Main article: New Zealand has three official languages: , the Māori language , and. In practice only English is widely used although major efforts have been made in recent years to nurture Te Reo. Numerous other languages are spoken in New Zealand due to its high racial diversity as a country. New Zealand English is close to in pronunciation, but has several differences often overlooked by people from outside these countries. Some of these differences show New Zealand English to have more affinity with the English of southern England than Australian English does. Several of the differences also show the influence of Māori speech. The New Zealand accent also has some Scottish and Irish influences from the large number of settlers from those places during the 19th century. At the time of the 2013 census, English was spoken by 96. Te Reo Māori An Eastern Polynesian language, , is closely related to Tahitian and Cook Islands Māori; slightly less closely to Hawaiian and Marquesan; and more distantly to the languages of Western Polynesia, including Samoan, Niuean and Tongan. The language went into decline in terms of use following European colonisation, but since the 1970s mildly successful efforts have been made to reverse this trend. These include the granting of official language status through the 1987, a and a channel. The 2013 census found that Māori was spoken by 3. Historically, there were distinct dialects of Te Reo, most notably a associated with the southern extreme of the country, though these have been almost completely subsumed by a standardised dialect originally found around the area. New Zealand Sign Language has its roots in British Sign Language BSL , and may be technically considered a dialect of British, Australian and New Zealand Sign Language BANZSL. Like other natural sign languages, it was devised by and for Deaf people, with no linguistic connection to a spoken or written language, and it is fully capable of expressing anything a fluent signer wants to say. It uses more lip-patterns in conjunction with hand and facial movement to cue signs than BSL, reflecting New Zealand's history of oralist education of deaf people. Its vocabulary includes Māori concepts such as marae and tangi, and signs for New Zealand placenames. New Zealand Sign Language became an official language of New Zealand in April 2006. About 20,000 people use New Zealand Sign Language. Other languages According to the 2013 census, 174 languages are used in New Zealand including sign languages. As recorded in the 2013 census, is the most widely spoken non-official language 2. However most cultural material consumed in New Zealand is imported from overseas, particularly from Britain and the United States. Because of this and New Zealand's small population, most New Zealand artists, performers and writers struggle to make a living from their art. Most towns and cities have museums and often art galleries, and the national museum and art gallery is 'Our Place' , in. Visual arts A Māori carved human form originating from Pre-Colonial Māori visual art had two main forms: carving and weaving. Both recorded stories and legends and also had religious roles. When Settlers arrived, they brought with them Western artistic traditions. Early Pākehā art focussed mainly on landscape painting, although some of the best known Pākehā artists of the nineteenth century and specialised in Māori portraiture. Some Māori adopted Western styles and a number of nineteenth century meeting houses feature walls painted with portraits and plant designs. From the early twentieth century and others began a programme of reviving traditional Māori arts, and many new meeting houses were built with traditional carving and woven wall panels were built. A longstanding concern of Pākehā artists has been the creation of a distinctly New Zealand artistic style. A number of Māori artists, including and have combined Western modernism with traditional Māori art. Performing arts Kapa haka A performer , kapa meaning 'rank' or 'row' and haka referring to a Māori dance , is the 'cultural dance' component of traditional Māori Performing Arts. Kapa haka is an avenue for Māori people to express their heritage and cultural identity through song and dance. It has undergone a renaissance, with national competitions held yearly and kapa haka used in many state occasions. The often mistaken as always being a war dance or ritual challenge has become part of wider New Zealand culture, being performed by the as a group ritual before international games and by homesick New Zealanders of all races who want to express their New Zealandness. Drama New Zealand drama, both on stage and screen, has been plagued during much of its history by cost and lack of popular interest in New Zealand culture. Despite this and, more recently, are two playwrights to achieve considerable popular success. In recent decades has grown dramatically, with the films , and doing well both locally and internationally, and director becoming one of film's most successful directors. New Zealand's most popular comedian was the late. Music as part of the 2014 lineup New Zealand music has been influenced by , , , and , with many of these genres given a unique New Zealand interpretation. Hip-hop is popular and there are small but thriving live music, and indie music scenes. Reggae is also popular within some communities, with bands such as , , , , all reflecting their roots, perspectives and cultural pride and heritage through their music. A number of popular artists have gone on to achieve international success including , , , , , , , , , , , and. New Zealand has a national orchestra and many regional orchestras. A number of New Zealand composers have developed international reputations. The most well-known include , , , , , , Ross Harris, and Martin Lodge. Comedy Main article: In recent decades New Zealand comics have risen in popularity and recognition. From the 1990s onwards the expressed a Polynesian sense of humour to the nation, and is a prominent Asian comic and columnist. New Zealand children and young adult's author , July 2011. New Zealand's most successful early writers were such as. From the 1950s, , and others had non lucrative writing careers while still living in New Zealand. Until about the 1980s, the main New Zealand literary form was the short story, but in recent decades novels such as Alan Duff's , 's The Vintner's Luck and others have achieved critical and popular success. Māori culture is traditionally oral rather than literate, but in recent years Māori novelists such as Duff, and and poets such as have shown their mastery of literary forms. New Zealand cartoonist became famous during World War II for his political satire. Main article: The sports that most New Zealanders participate in are , , , , the most popular sport amongst children , and hockey. Also popular are golf, tennis, and a variety of water sports, particularly sailing and rowing. The country is known for its , and strong tradition, as seen in the success of notable New Zealander. The national rugby union team is called the and has the best winning record of any national team in the world, including being the inaugural winners of the. The style of name has been followed in naming the national team in several other sports. For instance, the nation's basketball team is known as the. Many New Zealanders either play or support their local rugby team and the All Blacks are national icons. Some have argued that rugby is a national religion. Some of the earliest European settlers in New Zealand were , mostly from the but also from denominations and the. From the 1830s onwards, large numbers of Māori converted. Throughout the nineteenth century a number of movements emerged which blended traditional Māori beliefs with Christianity. These included , , and in the early twentieth century,. They typically centred on a prophet-leader. These churches continue to attract a substantial following; according to the 2013 census, 50,565 people are Ratana believers, and another 16,419 are Ringatu. Many Māori members of mainstream churches, and those with no particular religion, continue to believe in tapu, particularly where the dead are concerned, although not to the same extent as their ancestors. Percentages of people reporting affiliation with Christianity at the 2001, 2006 and 2013 censuses; there has been a steady decrease over twelve years. Pākehā have become steadily less religious over the course of the twentieth century. In the 1920s there was still a reasonably high level of and anti-Catholic prejudice, but this has since died down and the major churches generally co-operate with each other. The churches and religious lobby groups have little political influence where Pākehā are concerned. The vast majority of religious Pākehā are Christian, but a small number follow non-Christian religions, particularly , and a larger number have a vague belief in ideas such as the healing power of crystals. In 2013, the number of people who affiliated with a Christian denomination including Māori Christian decreased to 1,906,398 48. Affiliation to non-Christian religions has increased since the 2006 census. As of 2013 , the number of numbered 88,919, 46,149 and 19,191. The number and proportion of people indicating they had no religion increased between 2006 and 2013. In 2013, more than 2 in 5 people 41. Main article: Māori hierarchies Māori society has traditionally been one based on rank, which derived from ancestry. Present-day Māori society is far less hierarchical than it traditionally was, although it is still stratified by Pākehā standards. A disproportionate number of come from chiefly families, for example. The 'classless society' Until about the 1980s it was often claimed that New Zealand was a ''. The evidence for this was the relatively small range of wealth that is, the wealthiest did not earn hugely more than the poorest earners , lack of deference to authority figures, high levels of class mobility, a high standard of living compared to Britain, progressive labour laws which protected workers and encouraged unionism, , and a which was developed in New Zealand before most other countries. New Zealanders' has been criticised as discouraging and denigrating ambition and individual achievement and success. New Zealanders tend to value modesty and distrust those who talk about their own merits. They especially dislike anyone who seems to consider themselves better than others even if the person in question is demonstrably more talented or successful than others. This attitude can manifest itself in the , which describes the 'cutting down' of anyone thought to have risen above the general mass of people. It has been argued that in New Zealand ethnicity takes the place of class, with Māori and other Polynesians earning less, having a lower standard of living and less education, and working in lower status jobs than Pākehā. New Zealand's claims to be a classless society were dealt a fatal blow in the 1980s and 1990s by the economic reforms of the and its successor, the. A cultural shift also took place due to the economic and social impact of international capital, commerce and advertising. New Zealanders were exposed to a previously unknown array of consumer goods and franchises. Aided by overseas programming, commercial radio and TV stations enjoyed rapid growth. Local manufacturing suffered from cheap imports, with many jobs lost. These reforms led to a dramatic increase in the gap between the richest and poorest New Zealanders, and an increase in the numbers living in poverty. Main article: It is very common for New Zealanders to travel or live overseas for extended periods of time, often on. These are usually referred to as the 'OE' or 'overseas experience', and are most commonly taken by people in their 20s. The three most common destinations are Australia, Great Britain and Europe, although recently trips to Asian countries such as South Korea and Japan to teach English have become increasingly popular. The east coast of Australia and London both have sizeable New Zealand communities. The OE to Europe is usually self-funded, and tends to occur a few years after university graduation, when the traveller has saved up enough for airfares and living expenses. The length of the visit can range from a few months to the remainder of the visitor's life; since many New Zealanders have British ancestry or dual citizenship sometimes as a result of their parents' OE , the restrictions on working in Britain do not apply to a substantial percentage of them. Working holidays in Asia are more likely to occur shortly after graduation, and many agencies specifically target graduates for these trips. Because Australia is relatively close to New Zealand and has no restrictions on New Zealanders working there, the New Zealanders working in Australia are more diverse than those in other countries, with a significantly higher proportion of Māori and working-class people. Since the signing of the in 1973, New Zealanders have had the right to live and work in Australia on equal terms with Australian citizens. Until the 1970s New Zealanders had similar rights in relation to Britain. Changes to British immigration law in this period required New Zealanders to obtain visas to work in Britain or live there for extended periods, unless they had recent British ancestry. New Zealand has a number of reciprocal working holiday agreements, allowing people in their 20s to live and work overseas, usually for up to a year. See also: and The stereotypical New Zealand male is essentially a pioneer type: he is perceived to be rural, unintellectual, strong, unemotional, democratic, has little time for high culture, good with animals particularly horses and machines, and is able to turn his hand to nearly anything. This type of man is often presumed to be a unique product of New Zealand's colonial period but he shares many similarities with the stereotypical American frontiersman and Australian bushman. New Zealand men are supposed to still have many of these qualities, even though most New Zealanders have lived in urban areas since the late nineteenth century. This has not prevented New Zealanders seeing themselves and being seen as essentially country people and good at the tasks which country life requires. The hard man: New Zealand men have often been stereotyped as strong, unemotional and prone to violence. For many years this was seen as a good thing, and was best embodied by. Voted 'New Zealand player of the century' by New Zealand Rugby Monthly magazine, Meads was the second All Black to be sent off the field, and once played a match with a broken arm. Although he was known to assault other players during games, this was generally approved of as 'enforcement' of the 'spirit of the game'. He was also a supporter of sporting contact with apartheid South Africa. In recent decades the macho attitude has been both criticised and reviled as dangerous both to men who embody it and those around them. It has been blamed for New Zealand's culture of heavy drinking and its high male suicide rate. } However it still has its supporters, with some commentators claiming that the more recent All Blacks do not have enough 'mongrel'. Social conservatism and progressiveness New Zealand social policy has tended to oscillate between high levels of innovation and progressiveness and equally high levels of conservatism. Social reforms pioneered by New Zealand include , the , and respect for indigenous peoples through the and the. Having led the non-communist world in economic regulation from the 1930s, in the 1980s and 1990s the reforms of the led the world in economic de-regulation. New Zealand was the first country to have an openly transgender mayor, and later member of parliament,. In contrast to this, New Zealand has a history of some very conservative social policies. Most notably, from World War One until 1967 pubs were required by law to close at 6pm. Until the 1980s most shops were banned from opening on weekends, and until 1999 could not be sold on Sundays, known as. In a rare occurrence, the saw the two extremes very publicly clash with each other on a nationwide scale. Attitudes to authority Most New Zealanders display faith in their democracy, with New Zealand being rated the second least corrupt nation in the world. Turnout for parliamentary elections is typically above 80%, which is very high by international standards and occurs despite the absence of any law requiring citizens to vote. However local government elections have much lower turnout figures, with an average of 53% in 2007. New Zealanders, both those of Pākehā and Māori roots, have been described as an individualistic people, who take intrusion very personally, especially when it occurs onto private land but also sometimes in a wider sense. According to psychologists, this is rooted respectively in the 'frontier' image of the European settler culture, but also mirrored amongst the Māori, for whom land holds a lot of spiritual value in addition to its commercial use. Attitudes to multiculturalism New Zealand has for most of its modern history been an isolated bi-cultural society. In recent decades an increasing number of immigrants has changed the demographic spectra. In the larger cities this change has occurred suddenly and dramatically. There has been an increasing awareness of multiculturalism in New Zealand in all areas of society and also in politics. New Zealand's has been a controversial topic in recent times. The political party has been associated with an anti immigration policy. Putting down a hāngi earth oven Māori cuisine was historically derived from that of tropical , adapted for New Zealand's colder climate. Key ingredients included sweet potato , fern root, , birds and fish. Food was cooked in earth ovens and roasted, and in areas was boiled or steamed using natural hot springs and pools. Various means of preserving birds and other foods were also employed. Māori were one of the few peoples to have no form of. Many traditional food sources became scarce as introduced predators dramatically reduced bird populations, and forests were cleared for farming and timber. Traditional seafoods such as and were over-harvested. Present day Māori cuisine is a mixture of Māori tradition, old fashioned English cookery, and contemporary dishes. Pākehā cuisine , a popular New Zealand dessert, garnished with cream and strawberries. The majority of Pākehā are of British descent, and so it is not surprising that Pākehā cuisine is very similar to. Nineteenth-century British settlers in New Zealand tried as much as possible to reproduce the foods of their homeland. A major difference between British and Pākehā food was that meat was much more readily available to all social classes in New Zealand. A highly diet remains a part of Pākehā culture, although red meat consumption has dropped in the last few decades. Like the British, Pākehā have traditionally been very fond of sweet foods, and the best of traditional Pākehā cooking consists of cakes, scones, muffins and desserts. Most Pākehā food is not significantly different from modern British cuisine, although New Zealand chefs such as played a major part in the creation of. Ethnic restaurants have served as community meeting places and have also given other New Zealanders a chance to try different cuisines. The evolution of has been a major part of growth within New Zealand. Cafés and the perfection of espresso coffee making throughout most of New Zealand have led to a unique part of the life of the country. Archived from on 8 August 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2010. Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Polynesian Lexicon Project Online. Retrieved 21 August 2017. Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 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